allege的名词_alleged

1.求E-C翻译句话，感谢！！

2.简爱的经典英文段落赏析

3.ICH-GCP 9.2 Research Misconduct（2）

4.以a开头的英文单词有哪些A开头的所有的单词

5.中庸是什么意思？

6.英语Affirm to yourself怎么翻译？

7.外刊精读Day 17- France's next revolution总结

泼水节是傣族人民的传统节日，泼水节虽然不像春节那样隆重 ，但也是中国的传统节日之一。

The Water-sprinkling Festival is a traditional festival of Dai people in China. Though not as grand as the Spring Festival, the Water-sprinkling Festival is still an important traditional festival in China.

一般在每年的4月15日举行，历时3天，据说这个节日是为了纪念保护傣族人民的12位女英雄，在泼水节期间，还要赛龙舟，跳舞，放烟花，大家载歌载舞，欢闹通宵。

Usually, it begins on April 15th every year and lasts for 3 successive days.

The Water-sprinkling Festival, as it is alleged, is celebrated in memory of 12 heroines that had protected the Dai people. During the festival, people often race the trational dragon boats and the riot lasts all night with people dancing and singing.

纯手工翻译

求E-C翻译句话，感谢！！

state 英音：[steit] 美音：[stet]

名词 n.

1.状况,状态[C]

The vice president is in a state of poor health.

副总统健康状况不佳。

2.情况;形势[C]

3.形态;心态;兴奋状态[C]

Ice is water in a solid state.

冰是水的固体状态。

4.国家,政府,国土[C][U]

All the land belongs to the state in this country.

在这个国家土地全属国有。

5.(大写)美国[S]

6.(常大写)美国的州[C]

7.(大写)美国,合众国[the P][J]

8.身份,地位[U]

The superstar lives in state.

那个超级明星过着豪华的生活。

9.威严;豪华[U]

及物动词 vt.

1.陈述;声明;说明

The witness stated that she had never seen Mr. Smith.

证人宣称她以前从未见过史密斯先生。

2.确定,指定

allege 英音：[?'led?] 美音：[?'l?d?]

及物动词 vt.

1.(无充分证据而)断言,宣称[O2][+(that)]

A newspaper article alleged that the cabinet was going to resign.

一家报纸宣称内阁即将辞职。

2.(作为理由、借口或论据等)提出[(+as)][+(that)]

She was late for the meeting and alleged that her watch was wrong.

她开会迟到了,说是因为手表不准。

claim 英音：[kleim] 美音：[klem]

名词 n.

1.(根据权利而提出的)要求[C][U][(+for/on/to)]

Mary made a claim to the pencil.

玛丽认为她应得到这枝铅笔。

2.(对某事物的)权利;要求权;所有权[C][U][(+on/to)]

What claim does he have to the property?

他有何权利要求得到这笔财产?

3.主张,断言,声称[C][+to-v][+that]

4.要求物;(移民等)申请产权的土地[C]

5.(对保险公司的)索赔[C][(+for)]

及物动词 vt.

1.(根据权利)要求;认领;索取

The old man claimed the land.

老人要求得到这块土地。

2.自称,声称;主张[Y][+to-v][+(that)]

She claimed that the ring was stolen, not lost.

她声言那只戒指是被偷的,而不是遗失的。

She claims to be a good pianist.

她声称是位优秀的钢琴家。

3.值得,需要

The trend claims our attention.

这一趋势需要我们予以注意。

4.(疾病,意外)夺去(生命)

The tornado claimed dozens of lives.

那场龙卷风夺去了几十条人命。

不及物动词 vi.

1.提出要求[(+on/for)]

assert 英音：[?'s?:t] 美音：[?'s?t]

及物动词 vt.

1.断言,声称[+that][O2]

She asserted her innocence.

她宣称她是清白的。

He asserted that he was not guilty.

他声明他无罪。

2.维护,坚持;主张拥有

The boss asserted his authority by punishing his employees.

老板靠惩罚雇员来维护自己的权威。

3.显示;确立

简爱的经典英文段落赏析

据我理解，句中一些词的意思如下：

由於：facial plausibility = 表面上的可能性

所以：has facial plausibility = 具有表面上的可能性 = 表面上可以成立

此外：

factual content = 基於事实的内容

draw the reasonable inference = 作出合理的推断

liable for the misconduct alleged = 需对被指控的不良行为负责

因此，整句的建议译文如下：

若控方所提出的，基於事实的内容可以让法庭合理地推断辩方需为被指控的不良行为负责的话，那麼，有关的指控便是表面上可以成立。

ICH-GCP 9.2 Research Misconduct（2）

　《简?爱》是一部家喻户晓的小说，夏洛蒂?勃朗特女士一次与妹妹们的争论是它诞生的导火索。下面是我带来的简爱的经典英文段落赏析，欢迎阅读!

简爱的经典英文段落赏析精选

　But the answer my mind gave -- Leave Thornfield at once -- was so prompt, so dread, that I stopped my ears. I said I could not bear such words now. That I am not Edward Rochester's bride is the least part of my woe, I alleged: that I have wakened out of most glorious dreams, and found them all void and vain, is a horror I could bear and master; but that I must leave him decidedly, instantly, entirely, is intolerable. I cannot do it.

　我心灵的回答一一?立即离开桑菲尔德是那么及时，又那么可怕，我立即捂住了耳朵。我说，这些话我现在可受不了。?我不当爱德华.罗切斯特先生的新娘，是我痛苦中最小的一部份，?我断言，?我从一场美梦中醒来，发现全是竹篮打水一场空，这种恐惧我既能忍受，也能克服。不过要我义无反顾地马上离他而去却让我受不了，我不能这么做。?

　But, then, a voice within me averred that I could do it and foretold that I should do it. I wrestled with my own resolution: I wanted to be weak that I might avoid the awful passage of further suffering I saw laid out for me; and Conscience, turned tyrant, held Passion by the throat, told her tauntingly, she had yet but dipped her dainty foot in the slough, and swore that with that arm of iron he would thrust her down to unsounded depths of agony.

　但是，我内心的另一个声音却认为我能这样做，而且预言我应当这么做。我斟酌着这个决定，希望自己软弱些，以躲避已经为我铺下的可怕的痛苦道路。而良心己变成暴君，抓住激情的喉咙，嘲弄地告诉她，她那美丽的脚已经陷入了泥沼，还发誓要用铁臂把她推入深不可测的痛苦深渊。

　Let me be torn away, then I cried. Let another help me!

　?那么把我拉走吧!?我嚷道，?让别人来帮助我!?

　No; you shall tear yourself away, none shall help you: you shall yourself pluck out your right eye; yourself cut off your right hand: your heart shall be the victim, and you the priest to transfix it.

　?不，你得自己挣脱，没有人帮助你。你自己得剜出你的右眼;砍下你的右手，把你的心作为祭品而且要由你这位祭司把它刺穿。

　I rose up suddenly, terror-struck at the solitude which so ruthless a judge haunted, -- at the silence which so awful a voice filled. My head swam as I stood erect. I perceived that I was sickening from excitement and inanition; neither meat nor drink had passed my lips that day, for I had taken no breakfast. And, with a strange pang, I now reflected that, long as I had been shut up here, no message had been sent to ask how I was, or to invite me to come down: not even little Adele had tapped at the door; not even Mrs. Fairfax had sought me. Friends always forget those whom fortune forsakes, I murmured, as I undrew the bolt and passed out. I stumbled over an obstacle: my head was still dizzy, my sight was dim, and my limbs were feeble. I could not soon recover myself. I fell, but not on to the ground: an outstretched arm caught me. I looked up -- I was supported by Mr. Rochester, who sat in a chair across my chamber threshold.

　我蓦地站了起来，被如此无情的法官所铸就的孤独，被充斥着如此可怕声音的寂静吓坏了。我站直时只觉得脑袋发晕。我明白自己由于激动和缺乏营养而感到不舒服。那天我没有吃早饭，肉和饮料都没有进过嘴。带着一种莫名的痛苦，我忽然回想起来，尽管我已在这里关了很久，但没有人带口信来问问我怎么样了，或者邀请我下楼去，甚至连阿黛勒也没有来敲我的门，费尔法克斯太太也没有来找我。?朋友们总是忘记那些被命运所抛弃的人，?我咕哝着，一面拉开门闩，走了出去。我在一个什么东西上绊了一下。因为我依然头脑发晕，视觉模糊，四肢无力，所以无法立刻控制住自己。我跌倒了，但没有倒在地上，一只伸出的手抓住了我。我抬起头来。?罗切斯特先生扶着我，他坐在我房门口的一把椅子上。

简爱的经典英文段落赏析阅读

　You come out at last, he said. Well, I have been waiting for you long, and listening: yet not one movement have I heard, nor one sob: five minutes more of that death-like hush, and I should have forced the lock like a burglar. So you shun me? -- you shut yourself up and grieve alone! I would rather you had come and upbraided me with vehemence. You are passionate. I expected a scene of some kind. I was prepared for the hot rain of tears; only I wanted them to be shed on my breast: now a senseless floor has received them, or your drenched handkerchief. But I err: you have not wept at all! I see a white cheek and a faded eye, but no trace of tears. I suppose, then, your heart has been weeping blood?

　?你终于出来了，?他说，?是呀，我已经等了你很久了，而且细听着，但既没有听到一点动静，也没有听到一声哭泣，再过五分钟那么死一般的沉寂，我可要像盗贼那样破门而入了。看来，你避开我你把自己关起来，独自伤心?我倒情愿你厉声责备我。你易动感情，因此我估计会大闹一常我准备你热泪如雨，只不过希望它落在我胸膛上，而现在，没有知觉的地板，或是你湿透了的手帕，接受了你的眼泪。可是我错了，你根本没有哭!我看到了白白的脸颊，暗淡的眼睛，却没有泪痕。那么我猜想，你的心一定哭泣着在流血?

　Well, Jane! not a word of reproach? Nothing bitter -- nothing poignant? Nothing to cut a feeling or sting a passion? You sit quietly where I have placed you, and regard me with a weary, passive look.

　?听着，简，没有一句责备的话吗?没有尖刻、辛辣的言词?没有挫伤感情或者打击热情的字眼?你静静地坐在我让你坐的地方，无精打采地看着我。

　Jane, I never meant to wound you thus. If the man who had but one little ewe lamb that was dear to him as a daughter, that ate of his bread and drank of his cup, and lay in his bosom, had by some mistake slaughtered it at the shambles, he would not have rued his bloody blunder more than I now rue mine. Will you ever forgive me?

　?简，我决不想这么伤害你，要是某人有一头亲如女儿的母羊，吃他的面包，饮用他的杯子，躺在他怀抱里，而由于某种疏忽，在屠场里宰了它，他对血的错误的悔恨决不会超过我现在的悔恨，你能宽恕我吗?

简爱的经典英文段落赏析学习

　Reader, I forgave him at the moment and on the spot. There was such deep remorse in his eye, such true pity in his tone, such manly energy in his manner; and besides, there was such unchanged love in his whole look and mien -- I forgave him all: yet not in words, not outwardly; only at my heart's core.

　读者!?我当时当地就宽恕了他。他的目光隐含着那么深沉的忏悔;语调里透出这样真实的憾意，举止中富有如此男子气的活力。此外，他的整个神态和风度中流露出那么矢志不移的爱情?一我全都宽恕了他，不过没有诉诸语言，没有表露出来，而只是掩藏在心底里。

　You know I am a scoundrel, Jane? ere long he inquired wistfully -- wondering, I suppose, at my continued silence and tameness, the result rather of weakness than of will.

　?你知道我是个恶棍吗，简?不久他若有所思地问?我想是对我继续缄默令神而感到纳闷，我那种心情是软弱而不是意志力的表现。

　Yes, sir.

　?是的，先生。?

　Then tell me so roundly and sharply -- don't spare me.

　?那就直截了当毫不留情地告诉我吧?别姑息我，?我不能，我既疲倦又不舒服。我想喝点儿水。?

　I cannot: I am tired and sick. I want some water. He heaved a sort of shuddering sigh, and taking me in his arms, carried me downstairs. At first I did not know to what room he had borne me; all was cloudy to my glazed sight: presently I felt the reviving warmth of a fire; for, summer as it was, I had become icy cold in my chamber. He put wine to my lips; I tasted it and revived; then I ate something he offered me, and was soon myself. I was in the library -- sitting in his chair -- he was quite near. If I could go out of life now, without too sharp a pang, it would be well for me, I thought; then I should not have to make the effort of cracking my heart-strings in rending them from among Mr. Rochester's. I must leave him, it appears. I do not want to leave him -- I cannot leave him.

　他颤抖着叹了口气，把我抱在怀里下楼去了。起初我不知道他要把我抱到哪个房间去，在我呆滞的目光中一切都朦朦胧胧。很快我觉得一团温暖的火又回到了我身上，因为虽然时令正是夏天，我在自己的房间里早已浑身冰凉。他把酒送到我嘴里，我尝了一尝，缓过了神来。随后我吃了些他拿来的东西，于是很快便恢复过来了。我在图书室里?坐在他的椅子上一?他就在我旁边。?要是我现在就毫无痛苦地结束生命，那倒是再好没有了。?我想，?那样我就不必狠心绷断自己的心弦，以中止同罗切斯特先生心灵上的联系。后来我得离开他。我不想离开他?我不能离开他。?

以a开头的英文单词有哪些A开头的所有的单词

Part 4: Responding to Allegations of Research Misconduct

Part 5: Safeguards for Informants and Accused Persons

Part 6: Possible Penalties for Research Misconduct

Part 7: Summary of Key Points

Federal policy makes researchers and research institutions primarily responsible for reporting and investigating alleged research misconduct. Research institutions’ expected tasks in dealing with such allegations are spelled out in? 42 CFR Part 50 Subpart A .

联邦政策规定研究人员和研究机构 主要负责报告和调查被指控的研究不当行为 。研究机构处理此类指控的预期任务在42 CFR第50部分A子部分中有详细说明。

Generally, the response to an allegation of research misconduct has three stages.

一般来说，对研究不当行为指控的回应分为三个阶段。

The inquiry assesses the facts of the allegation and the need for an investigation. An inquiry must be completed within 60 calendar days of its start, unless circumstances clearly require a longer time.

初步调查评估了 指控的事实和调查的必要性 。初步调查必须在开始后60个日历日内完成，除非情况明确要求更长的时间。

Those accused of misconduct must be informed of the allegation and of the inquiry. A written report of the inquiry must be prepared, summarizing the evidence reviewed and conclusions reached. The accused person(s) must be given a copy of the inquiry report.

必须将指控和调查 告知被指控行为不当的人 。必须 准备书面调查报告，总结审查的证据和得出的结论 。必须向被告提供一份调查报告的 副本 。

If the inquiry provides an adequate basis for an investigation, that investigation should begin within 30 days of completion of the inquiry. The decision to begin an investigation must be reported in writing to the Director, Office of Research Integrity (ORI), on or before the date the investigation begins.

如果调查为调查提供了充分的基础，则 （正式）调查应在（初步）调查完成后30天内开始 。开始调查的决定必须在 调查开始之日或之前以书面形式报告给研究诚信办公室（ORI）主任 。

The investigation normally will include:

Ⅰ、Examining all documents, including relevant research data, proposals, publications, correspondence, and records of telephone calls.

Ⅱ、Interviewing all informants and all those accused of misconduct as well as others who may have information about key aspects of the allegation.

Ⅲ、Preparing a report of the investigation’s findings and making the report available for comment by all informants and all those accused of misconduct.

Ⅳ、Submitting a final report to ORI, the PI, the sponsor, and NIH for NIH-funded or supported research.

正式调查通常包括：

1、 检查所有文件 ，包括 相关研究数据 、 提案 、 出版物 、 信函 和 电话记录 。

2、 采访所有举报人 、 所有被指控行为不端者 以及 可能掌握指控关键方面信息的其他人 。

3、准备一份 调查结果报告 ，并将该报告提供给所有举报人和所有被指控不当行为的人以 供评论 。

4、 向ORI、PI、赞助者和NIH提交最终报告 ，用于NIH资助或支持的研究。

In most cases, the investigation should be completed within 120 days of its start. If the institution decides it cannot complete the investigation within this time, it must submit to ORI a written request for an extension.

在大多数情况下，正式调查应在开始后120天内完成。如果机构决定无法在此时间内完成调查，则必须 向ORI提交书面延期请求 。

This request must explain the reason for the delay, report on the investigation’s progress so far, and estimate when the investigation will be completed and the final report submitted.

该请求必须解释延迟的原因， 报告到目前为止的调查进展 ， 并估计调查何时完成和提交最终报告 。

If the investigation concludes that the allegation has merit, the institution may impose suitable penalties. In addition, the ORI may impose penalties of its own on investigators or institutions.

如果调查结论认为该指控有根据，该机构可以施加适当的处罚 。 此外，ORI可对调查人员或机构施加自己的处罚。

Institutions must notify the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) immediately if certain circumstances are found during an inquiry or investigation into an allegation of research misconduct.

如果在调查或调查研究不当行为指控时发现某些情况，各机构必须立即通知研究诚信办公室（ORI）。

Click to view Clinical Trial Network（CTN） related content

Every CTN member institution is expected to have an official responsible for investigating complaints of research misconduct, also referred to as the Research Integrity Officer (RIO). When an allegation of scientific misconduct is made in a CTN trial, the Research Integrity Officer of the research institution should be contacted immediately.

每个CTN成员机构都应有一名官员负责调查研究不当行为投诉，也称为研究诚信官（RIO） 。当在CTN审判中提出科学不端行为指控时，应立即联系研究机构的研究诚信官员。

The Research Integrity Officer should promptly assess whether the allegation falls under the federal definition of research misconduct and whether sufficient evidence exists to warrant an inquiry. He or she should alert the NIDA Center for the Clinical Trials Network office that an allegation of research misconduct has been made at one or more CTN sites. Within NIDA, responsibility for oversight of inquiries and investigations into research misconduct rests with the Office of Extramural Affairs.

研究诚信专员应立即 评估该指控是否属于联邦对研究不当行为的定义 ，以及 是否有足够证据支持调查 。他或她应通知NIDA临床试验中心网络办公室，有人指控一个或多个CTN站点存在研究不当行为。在NIDA内部，校外事务办公室负责监督对科研不端行为的调查和调查。

In addition, if NIDA is the sponsor of a study under an Investigational New Drug (IND), NIDA must promptly report to the FDA any information that any person involved in human subject trials committed research misconduct. If the FDA receives a complaint of alleged trial misconduct, the FDA will independently investigate, separate from the ORI investigation, and proceed with any necessary regulatory actions.

此外，如果NIDA是研究新药（IND）项下研究的赞助者， NIDA必须立即向FDA报告参与人体试验的任何人有研究不当行为的任何信息。 如果FDA收到指控试验不当行为的投诉，FDA将独立于ORI调查进行调查，并采取任何必要的监管措施。

An allegation of research misconduct can have a significant impact on the informant, the accused person(s), and the institution where the alleged misconduct took place. Procedures must be in place to ensure the security of original documents, computers, biological specimens, laboratory notebooks, research and financial records, and other relevant items that might be altered, lost, or destroyed.

对研究不当行为的指控可能会对举报人、被告人和涉嫌不当行为发生的机构产生重大影响 。必须制定程序，确保原始文件、计算机、生物标本、实验室笔记本、研究和财务记录以及其他可能被更改、丢失或销毁的相关物品的安全。

In addition, specific safeguards are necessary to assure the protection of all persons concerned with an allegation of research misconduct.

此外，有必要采取具体的保障措施，以确保与研究不当行为指控有关的所有人员得到保护。

A whistleblower (informant) is any member of a research institution, including a non-employee, who alleges that the institution or one of its members has engaged in, or has failed to respond adequately to an allegation of, research misconduct.

举报人（告密人）是指研究机构的任何成员 ， 包括声称该机构或其成员之一参与或未能对研究不当行为的指控作出充分回应的非雇员。

The role of the whistleblower is essential to the effort to protect the integrity of research. People who in good faith report apparent research misconduct must be able to do so in confidence and without fear of retaliation or payback.

举报人的作用对于保护研究的完整性至关重要。真诚地报告明显研究不当行为的人必须能够在不担心报复或回报的情况下秘密报告。

Federal policy requires institutions to offer informants the following safeguards:

Ⅰ、Protection of privacy to the extent possible. However, informants cannot remain anonymous.

Ⅱ、Protection against retaliation.

Ⅲ、Fair and objective procedures for examining and resolving research misconduct allegations.

Ⅳ、Diligence in protecting the positions and reputations of informants.

联邦政策要求机构向举报人提供以下保障：

1、尽可能 保护隐私 。 但是，告密者不能保持匿名 。

2、 防止报复 。

3、 审查和解决科研不端行为指控的公正客观程序 。

4、 努力保护举报人的地位和声誉 。

Neither research institutions nor individual researchers may penalize persons who, in good faith, report alleged research misconduct. Even if the allegations are not sustained, as long as they are made in good faith, informants must be protected because they play a vital role in professional self-regulation.

无论是研究机构还是研究人员个人，都 不得处罚善意报告研究不当行为的人员 。 即使指控不成立，只要指控是善意的，举报人也必须受到保护 ，因为他们在 职业自律 中发挥着至关重要的作用。

Most allegations of research misconduct are not substantiated. Persons accused of research misconduct must be assured that the mere filing of allegations will not bring their research to a halt or be the basis for other disciplinary action without compelling reasons. Other safeguards for accused persons include:

大多数关于科研不端行为的指控都没有得到证实。 必须向被指控研究不端行为的人保证，如果没有令人信服的理由，仅仅提出指控不会使他们的研究停止或成为其他纪律处分的基础。对被告人的其他保障措施包括：

Ⅰ、Timely written notification of allegations made against them.

Ⅱ、A description of all allegations.

Ⅲ、Reasonable access to the data and other evidence supporting the allegations.

Ⅳ、The opportunity to respond to allegations, supporting evidence, and any proposed findings of research misconduct.

Ⅴ、Confidential treatment to the maximum extent possible.

1、 及时书面 通知对其提出的指控。

2、 所有指控的描述 。

3、 合理获取支持指控的数据和其他证据 。

4、 对指控、支持性证据和任何研究不端行为的建议调查结果作出回应的机会 。

5、尽可能 保密 处理。

The persons selected to investigate allegations of research misconduct must have appropriate expertise and no unresolved conflicts of interest.

被选定调查研究不当行为指控的人员必须具备适当的 专业知识 ，并且 没有未解决的利益冲突 。

Reasonable time limits must be set for the response to an allegation of research misconduct. Extensions of time may be allowed when necessary.

必须为对研究不当行为指控的回应 设定合理的时间限制 。必要时可允许延长时间。

To the extent possible, knowledge of the identities of both subjects and informants involved in research misconduct investigations should be closely held. However, the accused person is entitled to know the identity of the informant.

在可能的情况下，应密切了解参与研究不当行为调查的受试者和线人的身份。但是，被告有权知道举报人的身份。

Alleged misconduct in a clinical trial that could threaten the health or safety of trial participants must be reported immediately to the trial principal investigator, the federal agency sponsoring the trial (NIDA in the case of CTN studies), and the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). The name(s) of the accused person(s) should remain confidential, but steps must be taken to ensure the safety of trial participants.

临床试验中可能威胁试验参与者健康或安全的涉嫌不当行为必须立即报告给 试验首席研究员 、 赞助试验的联邦机构（ 就CTN研究而言为NIDA）和 研究诚信办公室 （ORI）。被告的姓名应保密，但必须采取措施确保审判参与者的安全。

Research institutions may penalize researchers who are found to have committed research misconduct by terminating their employment or by requiring supervision of future research activities.

研究机构可以通过 终止他们的工作 或 要求监督未来的研究活动 ，来惩罚那些被发现有研究不端行为的研究人员。

When a grantee institution upholds a finding of research misconduct by anyone working on a NIH-funded research project, the grantee must assess the effect of the finding on that person’s ability to continue working on the research project. In addition, the grantee must promptly obtain approval from the sponsor and NIH for any intended change of principal investigator or other key personnel involved in the research project.

当被资助机构支持任何在NIH资助的研究项目中工作的人的研究不端行为的发现时，被资助机构必须评估该发现对该人继续从事该研究项目的能力的影响。 此外，被资助人必须立即获得资助人和NIH的批准，以变更任何涉及研究项目的主要研究人员或其他关键人员。

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) may also impose penalties for research misconduct. Penalties are determined by the severity of the misconduct. Factors that ORI may consider in choosing a penalty may include the degree to which the misconduct:

研究诚信办公室（ORI）也可能对研究不端行为施加处罚。处罚取决于不当行为的严重程度。在选择处罚时，ORI可能考虑的因素包括不当行为的程度：

Ⅰ、Was committed in a knowing, intentional, or reckless manner.

Ⅱ、Was an isolated event or part of a pattern.

Ⅲ、Had a significant impact on the research record, research subjects, other researchers, institutions, or the public welfare.

1、以 明知 、 故意 或 不计后果 的方式进行。

2、是一个 孤立事件或模式 的一部分。

3、对 研究记录、研究对象、其他研究人员、机构 或 公益事业 有重大影响者。

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) may impose a variety of penalties when a finding of research misconduct is upheld. These penalties may include:

研究诚信办公室（ORI）可能会在 维持研究不端行为的调查结果 时 施加各种处罚 。这些处罚可能包括：

Ⅰ、Correction of the research record.

Ⅱ、Letters of reprimand.

Ⅲ、Suspension or termination of a research grant.

Ⅳ、Suspension or debarment from receiving federal funds.

1、研究记录的 更正 。

2、 申斥信 。

3、 中止或终止研究资助 。

4、 暂停或禁止接受联邦资金 。

When administrative actions are imposed by ORI (or the FDA, who has their own bulletin boards for debarred and disqualified investigators), the names of the individuals will be made public.

当ORI（或FDA，他们有自己的公告栏供被禁止和被取消资格的调查人员使用）采取 行政行动 时，这些人的 姓名将被公布 。

If the ORI believes that research misconduct may have involved criminal or civil fraud, it will refer the matter promptly to an investigative body such as the Department of Justice or the Office of the Inspector General, Department of Health and Human Services.

如果调查机构认为研究不端行为 可能涉及刑事或民事欺诈 ，它将迅速将此事 提交司法部 或 卫生和公众服务部监察长办公室 等调查机构。

ICH GCP was put together and became operational after public outcry of research misconduct that had occurred over the years. Following the ICH GCP guideline assists in preventing fraud and misconduct. So research misconduct is also a form of non-compliance to ICH GCP

ICH GCP是在公众对多年来发生的研究不端行为提出强烈抗议后成立并开始运作的 。遵循ICH GCP指南有助于防止欺诈和不当行为。因此，研究不端行为也是不遵守ICH GCP的一种形式（？）。

Ⅰ、Federal policy defines research misconduct as “fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.” This definition does not include honest error or differences of opinion or authorship disputes unless they involve plagiarism.

1、联邦政策将 研究不端行为 定义为“在提出、执行或审查研究或报告研究结果时捏造、伪造或剽窃。”该定义不包括诚实的错误、意见分歧或著作权争议，除非涉及剽窃。

Ⅱ、Federal policy on research misconduct applies to all federally funded research and all proposals submitted to federal agencies for research funding.

2、关于研究不当行为的联邦政策适用于 所有联邦资助的研究以及向联邦机构提交的所有研究资助提案 。

Ⅲ、The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) in the Department of Health and Human Services oversees investigations of research misconduct allegations and makes final determinations on findings of research misconduct within the U.S. Public Health Service.

3、卫生与公共服务部的研究诚信办公室（ORI） 负责监督对研究不当行为指控的调查 ，并 对美国公共卫生服务部门的研究不当行为调查结果做出最终决定 。

Ⅳ、Federal policy places the primary responsibility for reporting and investigating allegations of research misconduct with researchers and research institutions.

4、联邦政策将 报告和调查科研不端行为指控的主要责任 交给 研究人员和研究机构 。

Ⅴ、Generally, the response to an allegation of research misconduct has three stages:

i、Inquiry (to assess the facts of the allegation).

ii、Investigation (if the inquiry provides adequate basis for one).

iii、Adjudication (imposing of suitable penalties if the allegation is found to have merit).

5、一般而言，对研究不当行为指控的回应分为三个阶段：

（1） 初步调查 （评估指控的事实）。

（2） 正式调查 （如果调查提供了充分的依据）。

（3） 裁决 （如果发现指控有价值，则施加适当的处罚）。

Ⅵ、Penalties for research misconduct may include termination of employment, suspension or termination of a research grant, and suspension or debarment from receiving federal funds.

6、对研究不端行为的处罚可能包括 终止雇佣 、 暂停或终止研究资助 ，以及 暂停或禁止接受联邦资金 。

中庸是什么意思？

1. accident n. 事故,意外的事

2. adventure n. 冒险; 奇遇

3. advertisement n. 广告

4. ambulance n. 救护车

5. anxious a. 忧虑的,焦急的

6. apologize vi. 道歉,谢罪

7. appearance n. 出现,露面;容貌

8. appointment n. 约会

9. appreciate v. 欣赏; 感激

10. audience n. 观众,听众

11. average a. 平均的;普通的 n. 平均数

12.abandon v. 放弃

13.approach v.接近

14.appreciate v.赞赏，感激

15.appeal v.吸引

16.absolutely adv.绝对

17.agree v.同意，答应

18.admire v.感激欣赏

19.alchol n.酒精

20.abundance n.大量，丰富

21.at adv.在哪里

22.audio a.听得见的

23.acknowlege v.承认，接受

24.achieve v.成绩，成就

25.advert v.转向，反转

26.ago adv.以前

27.awesome a.令人敬佩的

28.after adv.以后

29.arise v.提起，上升

30.appetiate v.消化，吸收

31.ail vt. 使苦恼

32. ailment n. （不严重的）疾病

33. aim n.瞄准；目标；目的

34. aimless adj. 无目的的；没有目标

35 .air n.空气；空中；外观

36 .airborne 起飞；adj. 空气传播的，(部队)空降的

37. airconditioning n.空气调节

38.aircraft n.飞机，飞行器

39.aircrew 机组人员

40.airdrome n. 飞机场

41. airfield n. 飞机场

42. airing n.通风；讨论

43. airless adj. 缺少空气的；不通风的

44. airlift 空运

45. airline n.航空公司；航线

46.airliner n. 定期班机,客机

47. airmail n. 航空邮件

48. airplane n.飞机

49. airport n.机场，航空站

50. airship n. 飞艇,飞船

51. airsick 晕机

52. airtight adj. 密封的

53. airway n. 航线

54.airy a. 空气的,幻想的,轻快的

55. aisle n. 走廊,侧廊

56. ait n. 河中小岛

57. ajar a. 微开的,半开的,不和谐的

58.akimbo a. 两手叉腰的

59. akin a. 血族的,同族的,同种的

60. alabama n. 亚拉巴马(州)(美国)

61. alabaster adj. 雪白的

62. alacrity n. 敏捷,轻快,乐意

63. alarm n.惊恐，忧虑；警报

64. alarming adj. 警告的；引起惊恐的

65.albatross n. 信天翁

扩展资料：

①单词详解

①accept

vi.承认;同意;承兑

vt.接受;承认;承担;承兑

例句：

Eventually Sam persuaded her to accept an offer of marriage

最终萨姆说服她接受了求婚。

②accident

n.事故;意外事件;机遇，偶然;附属品

例句：

She was involved in a serious car accident last week.

上星期她卷入了一场严重的车祸。

③accuse

v.指控;指责，谴责

例句：

The candidate stands accused of breaking promises even before he's in office.

该候选人还未上任就遭指责违背诺言。

④activist

n.积极分子;激进主义分子;积极行动者

adj.激进主义的;激进主义分子的

例句：

The police say they suspect the attack was carried out by animal rights activists.

警方说他们怀疑袭击是由动物权益保护的积极分子们发动的。

⑤admit

vt.& vi.许可进入;承认，供认

vt.允许;确认

vi.承认;允许

例句：

I am willing to admit that I do make mistakes.

我愿意承认我确实会犯错。

⑥advise

vt.（商业）通知，报告;提议，建议

vi.接受劝告，商量;建议，提供意见

例句：

The minister advised him to leave as soon as possible.

部长建议他尽快离开。

②单词词性介绍

1、名词是词性的一种,也是实词的一种,是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。

2、代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

3、动词就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的子句都有一个动词,要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。

4、形容词

形容词很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征

5、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前,对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词"a,an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种

6、数词表示"多少"和"第几"的词,叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。

7、副词的定义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。

英语Affirm to yourself怎么翻译？

[编辑本段]词：中庸

拼 音 zhōngyōng

英 文 the doctrine of the mean

词 性 名词,形容词,

褒 贬 中性词

近义词 不偏不倚

反义词 厚此薄彼、偏听偏信.

释 义 [名词]儒家的一种主张，待人接物采取不偏不倚，调和折中的态度：中庸之道。[形容词]指德才平凡：中庸之才。

[编辑本段]古籍《中庸》

英 文alleged to be written by Zi Si of the Warring States Period, listed in the Song Dynasty as one of the Four Books

《中庸》原是《小戴礼记》中的一篇。旧说《中庸》是子思所作。其实是秦汉时儒家的作品，它也是中国古代讨论教育理论的重要论著。

《中庸》是被宋代学人提到突出地位上来的，宋一代探索中庸之道的文章不下百篇，但最早探索《中庸》的并非儒生，而是卒于宋真宗乾兴元年的方外之士——释智圆。智圆之后，司马光则是宋儒中论中庸较早的一个。后来北宋程颢、程颐极力尊崇《中庸》。南宋朱熹又作《中庸集注》，并把《中庸》和《大学》、《论语》、《孟子》并列称为“四书”。宋、元以后，《中庸》成为学校官定的教科书和科举考试的必读书，对古代教育产生了极大的影响。

中庸就是即不善也不恶的人的本性。从人性来讲，就是人性的本原，人的根本智慧本性。实质上用现代文字表述就是“临界点”，这就是难以把握的“中庸之道”。人性的不善也不恶的本性，从临界点向上就是道；向下就是非道。向上就是善；向下就是恶。

[编辑本段]关于《中庸》

子程子曰，「不偏之谓中；不易之谓庸。」中者，天下之正道。庸者，天下之定理。此篇乃孔门传授心法，子思恐其久而差也，故笔之於书，以授孟子。其书始言一理；中散为万事；末复合为一理。放之，则弥六合；卷之，则退藏於密。其味无穷。皆实学也。善读者，玩索而有得焉，则终身用之，有不能尽者矣。

[编辑本段]中庸理论基础

中庸之道的理论基础是天人合一。通常人们讲天人合一主要是从哲学上讲，大都从《孟子》的“尽其心者，知其性也；知其性，则知天矣”（《尽心》）讲起，而忽略中庸之道的天人合一，更忽视了天人合一的真实含义。天人合一的真实含义是合一于至诚、至善，达到“致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉”、“唯天下至诚，为能尽其性。能尽其性则能尽人之性；能尽人之性，则能尽物之性；能尽物之性，则可以赞天地之化育；可以赞天地之化育，则可以与天地参矣”的境界。“与天地参”是天人合一。这才是《中庸》天人合一的真实含义。因而《中庸》始于“天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道之谓教”而终于“‘上天之载，无声无臭。’至矣”。这就是圣人所要达到的最高境界，这才是真正意义上的天人合一。天人合一的天是善良美好的天，天人合一的人是像善良美好的天那样善良美好的人，天人合一就是人们自觉修养所达到像美好善良的天一样造福于人类和自然理想境界。

[编辑本段]中庸具体内容

中庸之道的具体内容主要包括五达道、三达德、九经等。

（1）五达道

五达道主要是运用中庸之道调节五种人际关系。这五种基本人际关系是君臣、父子、夫妻、兄弟以及朋友的交往，将君臣关系视为上下关系，这五种人际关系就是天下通行的人际关系。《中庸》第十二章详细论述了夫妇的人际关系，将夫妇关系提到了非常高的地位。。其文云：“君子之遇而隐。夫妇之愚，可以与知焉；及其至也，虽圣人亦有所不知焉。夫妇之不肖，可以能行焉；及其至也，虽圣人亦有年不能焉 君子之道，造端乎夫妇，及其至也，察乎天地。”第十三章论述了父子、君臣、兄弟、朋友之达道。综观斯两章，五达道备焉。

五达道就是天下通行的五种人际关系。通过正确处理这五种人际关系，达到太平和合的理想境界。诚如《礼运》所言：“故圣人耐以天下为一家，以中国为一人者，非意之也，必知其情，辟于其义，明于其利，达于其患，然后能为之。何谓人情？喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、欲，七者弗学而能。何谓人义？父慈、子孝、兄良、弟弟、夫义、妇听、长惠、幼顺、君仁、臣忠，十者谓之人义。讲信修睦，谓之人利；争夺相杀，谓之人患。故圣人之所以治人七情，修十义，讲信修睦，尚辞让，去争夺，舍礼何以治之？”

（2）三达德

调节这些人际关系靠什么？靠人们内心的品德和智慧，因而就有了三达德。三达德，就是智、仁、勇。智、仁、勇是天下通行的品德，是用来调节上下、父子、夫妻、兄弟和朋友之间的关系的。智、仁、勇靠什么来培植呢？靠诚实、善良的品德意识来培植加固。所以《中庸》第二十章阐明道：“天下之达道五，所以行之者三。曰：君臣也，父子也，夫妇也，昆弟也，朋友之交也。五者，天下之达道也。知、仁、勇三者，天下之达德也，所以行之者一也。或生而知之，或学而知之，或困而知之，及其知之，一也。或安而行之，或困而行之，或勉强而行之，及其成功，一也。子曰：‘好学近乎知，力行近乎仁，知耻近乎勇。知斯三者，则知所以修身；知所以修身，则知所以治人；知所以治人，则知所以治天下国家矣。’”

（3）九经

九经就是中庸之道用来治理天下国家以达到太平和合的九项具体工作。这九项工作是：修养自身，尊重贤人，爱护亲族，敬重大臣，体恤众臣，爱护百姓，劝勉各种工匠，优待远方来的客人，安抚诸侯。修养自身，就能够达到美好的人格；尊重人，就不至于迷惑；爱护亲族，叔伯兄弟之间就不会有怨恨；敬重大臣，治理政事就不至于糊涂；体恤群臣，士就会尽力予以报答；爱护老百姓，老百姓就会受到勉励；劝勉各种工匠，财货就能充足；优待远方来的客人，四方就会归顺，；安抚诸侯，天下就会敬服。要做好这九项工作，就必须用至诚、至仁、至善的爱心去充分体现中庸的美好人格。做好这九项工作，事实上也就处理调节好了九种人际关系。调节这九种人际关系是使天下国家达到太平和合理想的重要保证。“九经”的提出，是对《尚书．尧典》的“克明俊德，以亲九族，九族既睦，平章百姓，百姓昭明，协和万邦”的太平和合理想与“大学之道，在明明德、在亲民、在止于至善”的太平和合理想的继承和发展。

中庸主要原则

中庸之道的主要原则有三条：一是慎独自修，二是忠恕宽容，三是至诚尽性。并分别论述于下。

（1）慎独自修

这一原则要求人们在自我修养的过程中，坚持自我教育、自我监督、自我约束。《中庸》第一章就提出了这一原则。其文云：“道也者，不可须臾离也，可离非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。莫见乎隐，莫显乎微。故君子慎其独也。”人们必须严格地自觉地进行自我修养，尤其在一个人独处的时候，更应该谨慎地进行自我反省、自我约束、自我教育、自我监督。在别人听不到自己讲话的地方也十分谨慎，不说违背道德的话；在别人看不见自己物为的地方，也时刻属守中庸之道，做到至诚、至仁、至善、至圣，就必须坚持慎独自修的原则。坚持这一原则，其乐无穷，其用无穷，其功无穷。故《中庸》第三十三章云：“君子之道，淡而不厌，简而文，温而理。知远之近，知风之自，知微之显，可与入德矣。《诗》云：‘潜虽伏矣，亦孔之昭。’故君子内省不疚，无恶于志。君子之年不可及者，其唯人之所不见乎！《诗》云：‘相在尔室，尚不愧于屋漏。’故君子不动而敬，不言而信。《诗》曰：‘奏假无言，时靡有争。’故君子不赏而民劝，不怒而威于钺 。《诗》曰：‘不显惟德，百辟其刑之。’是故君子笃恭而天下平。《诗》云：‘予怀明德，不大声以色。’子曰：‘声色之于以化民，末也。’《诗》曰：‘德?如毛。’毛犹有伦，‘上天之载，无声无自。’至矣！”

（2）忠恕宽容

这一原则要求人们将心比心、互相谅解、互相关心、互不损害、忠恕宽容、体仁而行、并行而不相悖。这一原则分别见一《中庸》十三章、三十章。

“子曰：‘道不远人。人之为道而远人，不可以为道。’《诗》云：伐柯柯伐柯，其则不远。执柯以伐柯，睨而视之，犹以为远。故君子以人治人，改而止。忠恕违道不远。施诸己而不愿，亦勿施于人。”

这一思想源于孔子，曾子将其概括以传于世。《论语．里仁》记载孔子告诫曾子的话：“吾道一以贯之。”别的学生问曾参，这是什么意思。曾参说：“夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。”忠恕是为仁之方。说孔子的思想核心是忠恕之道，也就是说孔子的思想核心是为仁、行仁。孔子说恕便是“己所不欲，勿施于人”。“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。”所谓“能近取譬”就是将心比心，就是忠恕之道的具体实施。

忠恕之道在《大学》里被称作“ 矩之道”。《大学》说：“所恶于上， 毋（勿）以使下。所恶于下，毋以先后。所恶于后，毋以从前。所恶于右，毋以交于左。所恶于左，毋以交于右。此这谓 矩之道。“这就是”己所不欲，勿施于人”的忠恕之道。不论是忠恕之道还是挈矩之道，其实质都是仁慈博爱，都是要求人们做到“我不欲人之加诸我也，吾亦欲无加诸人”（《论语．公冶长》）。

《中庸》继承并发扬了孔子的忠恕之道和《大学》的挈矩之道。进一步提出了“以人治人”，要求人们用爱自己的心去爱他人，用责备他人的心来责备自己，用自己的真诚忠恕去感召人、感化人、塑造人。只要坚持忠恕之道，人们就会相安无事、和平共处，人们就会达到素其位而行、无入而不自得焉、上不怨天、下不尤人的思想境界。所以《中庸》说：“君子素其位而行，不愿乎其外。素富贵，行乎富贵。素贫贱，行乎贫贱。素夷锹，行乎夷锹。素患难，行乎患难。君子无入而不自得焉。在上位不陵下，在下位不援上，正己而不求于人，则无怨。上不怨天，下不尤人。故君子居易以俟命，小人行险以徼幸。子曰：‘射有似乎君子，失诸正鹄，反求诸其身。’”

（3）至诚尽性

至诚尽性的原则 是施行中庸之道的重要原则。“唯天下至诚，为能尽其性。能尽其性，则能尽人之性；能尽人之性，则能尽物之性；能尽物之性，则可以赞天地之化育；可以赞天地之化育，则可以与天地参矣。”只有坚持至诚原则，才能充分发挥自己善良的天性。能够充分发挥自己善良的天性，就能感化他人、发挥他人的善良天性；能够发挥一切人的善良天性，就能充分发挥万物良天性；能够充分发挥万物的善良天性，就可以参与天地化育万物。便达到了至仁至善的境界；达到了至仁至善的境界，就可以同天地并列为三了。这就坚持至诚尽性原则所达到的理想境界，达到了这一理想境界也就找到了自己在宇宙间的真正位置。

亦泽“中道”，古希腊哲学范畴，毕达歌拉斯学派把现存事物看作是对方之间的“恰如其分的均衡”，柏拉图开始把这种均衡概念移植到伦理学中，亚里士多德则把中庸和节制相联系，并制定了系统的理论。认为万物皆有其中庸之道，如“10”这个数“5”居其中；人的心理状态、情感中欲望过度是荒*，不及则是禁欲．节制则是适度。中庸有两种，自然界的中庸是绝对的，人事的中庸则是相对的；在伦理中观上，人的一切行为都有过度、不及和适度三种状态．过度和不及都是恶行的特征，只有中庸才是美德的特征和道德的标准，美德是一种适中，是以居间者为目的。他还把这种中庸原则运用于政治国家学说。认为由中等阶级治理的国家最好，因为拥有适度的财产是最好的，最容易遵循合理的原则。最不会逃避治国的工作或拥有过分的野心．是国家最安稳的公民阶级，中等阶级的公民组成的城邦．是结构个最好的和组织得最好的，因此有希望治理得很好。

外刊精读Day 17- France's next revolution总结

1.Affirm to yourself的意思是相信自己，肯定自己。

2.重点单词是Affirm，具体发音为英 [?f?m]，美 [?f?rm]。其意思是维持，断言，证实。

3.例句1：

She affirmed her innocence.

她断言她是无罪的。

例句2：

I can affirm that no one will lose their job.

我可以肯定，谁都不会丢掉工作。

4.?拓展

allege ，动词词性，意思是 [正式]断言，宣称。

〔辨析〕尤指在未证实的情况下宣称某事属实，或声称某人行事错误或违法，常用被动语态。

〔例证〕

It was alleged that Jack had struck Mr. Wilson on the head.

据称杰克打了威尔逊先生的头。

Day 15单词梳理

1. have consequences far beyond its borders

影响远远超出国界

2. stagnate

verb

- to stop developing or making progress停滞，不发展，不进步

e.g. I feel I'm stagnating in this job.

- to be or become? stagnant 因不流动而变得污浊

e.g. The water in the pond was stagnating.

noun: stagnation

3. hallmark

noun

- a feature or quality that is typical of somebody/something 特征，特点

e.g. Police said the explosion? bore all the hallmarks of? a terrorist attack. 拥有所有特征

- a mark put on gold, silver and platinum objects that shows the quality of the metal and gives information about when and where the object was made 金银纯度印记

verb

- to put a hallmark on metal goods 打金银纯度印记

4. upheaval

noun

- a big change that causes a lot of confusion, worry and problems. = disruption 激变，巨变，动荡

e.g. I can't face the upheaval of moving house again.

a period of emotional upheaval.

5. insurgent

noun

- a person fighting against the or armed forces of their own country 起义者，叛乱者，造反者

= rebel

e.g. an attack by armed insurgents

adj

- fighting against the or armed forces of their own country 叛乱的

= rebellious

e.g. insurgent groups/attacks

6. upstart

noun

暴发户，狂妄自大的新手

start up : 开始，发动

7. reverberate

verb

- (of a sound)to be repeated several times as it is reflected off different surfaces 回响，回荡

= echo

e.g. Her voice reverberated around the hall.

- (of a place)to seem to shake because of a loud noise 震颤，摇晃

e.g. The hall reverberated with the sound of music and dancing.

- to have a strong effect on people for a long time or over a large area 产生深远影响

e.g. Repercussions of the case continue to reverberate through the financial world.

8. allege

verb

- to state something as a fact but without giving proof 断言，声称

e.g. It is alleged that he mistreated the prisoners.

assert

9. grumble

verb

- to complain about somebody/something in a bad-tempered way 咕哝，发牢骚

e.g. She's always grumbling to me about how badly she's treated at work.

- to make a deep continuous sound 咕隆，发轰隆声

e.g. Thunder grumbled in the distance.

10. sluggish

adj

- moving, reacting or working more slowly than normal and in a way that seems lazy 行动迟缓的，缓慢的，懒洋洋的

e.g. The growth of the export market has helped to compensate for sluggish demand at home. 疲软的国内需求

11. sap the country's vitality

削弱国家生命力

sap

noun

- the liquid in a plant or tree that carries food to all its parts 汁液

e.g. Maple syrup is made from sap extracted from the sugar maple tree.

- a stupid person that you can easily trick, or treat unfairly 笨蛋，易上当的人

e.g. The poor sap never knew what was going on behind his back.

verb

- to make something/somebody weaker; to destroy something gradually 使虚弱，削弱，逐渐破坏

e.g. Years of failure have sapped him of his confidence.

12. malaise

noun

- the problems affecting a particular situation or group of people that are difficult to explain or identify 难以捉摸的问题

e.g. The latest crime figures are merely symptomatic of a wider malaise in society.

- a general feeling of being ill/sick, unhappy or not satisfied, without signs of any particular problem 莫名的不适

= unease

e.g. a serious malaise among the staff

13. rift

noun

- a serious disagreement between people that stops their relationship from continuing 分歧，严重不和

= division, breach

e.g. The rift within the party deepened.

- a large crack or opening in the ground, rocks or clouds 裂口，裂缝

e.g. Through a rift in the clouds we could see a beautiful blue sky.

14. throw the bums out

把这些没用的人赶出去

bum

noun

- the part of the body that you sit on 屁股 backside

- a person who has no home or job and who asks other people for money or food 无业游民，流浪乞丐

e.g. a beach bum

- a lazy person who does nothing for other people or for society 懒汉，游手好闲者

e.g. He's nothing but a no-good bum!

verb

- to get something from somebody by asking 乞讨

= cadge

e.g. Can I bum a cigarette off you?

- to make somebody feel upset or disappointed 使不安，使灰心

adj

- of bad quality; wrong or useless 劣质的，没用的

e.g. He didn't play one bum note.

15. tap into

利用，开发

16. perilous

adj

- very dangerous非常危险

= hazardous

e.g. a perilous adventure/journey

17. obstruct? foreign trade

verb

- to block a road, an entrance, a passage, etc. so that somebody/something cannot get through, see past, etc. 阻塞，阻挡

e.g. You can't park here, you're obstructing my driveway.

- to prevent somebody/something from doing something or making progress, especially when this is done deliberately 妨碍，阻挠

= hinder

e.g. They were charged with obstructing the police in the course of their duty.

18. enact? agendas

verb

- to pass a law通过法律

e.g. legislation enacted by parliament

- to perform a play or act a part in a play 扮演，演出

e.g. scenes from history enacted by local residents

- to take place 发生，举行

- to put something into practice 实施

e.g.This involves identifying problems and enacting solutions.

19. repudiation

noun

- refusal to accept something 拒绝，否定

e.g. the world-wide repudiation of slavery in the nineteenth century

- the act of saying officially and/or publicly that something is not true 官方驳斥，驳回

e.g. the repudiation of a claim

rejection,denial

20. clinch? the presidency

verb

- to succeed in achieving or winning something 成功取得，赢得

e.g. They clinched a place in the semi-finals.

- to provide the answer to something; to settle something that was not certain 提出解决办法

e.g. ‘I'll pay your airfare.’ ‘Okay, that clinches it —I'll come with you.’

Day 16逻辑导图&翻译

神句翻译

1.Stagnation, both political and economic, has been? the hallmark of? a country where little has changed for decades, even as? power has rotated? between the? established parties? of left and right.

政治和经济上的停滞，已经成为了这个国家的标志。这个国家历经左派和右派政党权力的更迭，依然几十年改变甚小。

2.The implications of these insurgencies? are hard to exaggerate .

这些外来政权的卷入带来的影响无需夸大。

3.The resulting realignment will? have reverberations far beyond? France’s borders. It could revitalize the European Union, or wreck it.

最终的改组影响的不仅仅是法国本土。它可能是欧盟重换生机，或者会摧毁它。

4.Further fueling voter’s anger is their? anguish at? the state of France.

加剧选民的愤怒的是他们对于法国这个国度的苦恼。

5.Its vast state, which absorbs 57% of GDP, has? sapped the country’s vitality .

花费了57%的GDP的国家公共服务，已经耗尽了整个国家的生机。

6. If she pulls France out of the euro, it would trigger a financial crisis and doom a union that, for all its flaws, has promoted peace and prosperity in Europe for six decades.

如果她让法国脱欧，可能会掀起一场经济危机，因为所有这些弊端给这个六十多年来促进了欧洲的和平和繁荣的联盟带来一场厄运。

神词组翻译

思维导图

Day 17小结

对错综复杂的政治格局真是知之甚少，这回第一次了解到法国的政治格局。原来在我心中浪漫又舒适的法国人正面对着悲惨的社会现实。政局不稳，GDP下降，失业率猛增，很多的法国人都不是对社会持乐观态度的。半个世界以来，领导者也不曾为法国经济发展采取过行之有效的措施，总是带给民众失望和不安。主要的掌权政党也渐渐失去了民心，而法国的发展又影响着整个欧盟，这次的选举候选人也还需要提出更多举措，并不断尝试最适合法国发展的道路。原来，这里是一个如此混乱和不安的世界……

笃师选的文章真是给了太多知识点，让我接触到很多之前没有关注过的知识，像之前的深海热泉学说，都是很震慑我的固有思维的。还是应该多涉猎不同领域的知识，培养更广阔的视野，不管是在英语学习或者专业学习上都能提供一定的帮助。而这些知识也的确引起了我的兴趣，能够不断了解到这些背景，也是对生活的一种丰富吧。